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What is the antenna

March 13, 2025

In today's highly information-based society, wireless communication has become a bridge connecting the world. From mobile phone calls to satellite communications, from wireless networks to broadcasting and television, all rely on the transmission of radio waves. In this invisible information transmission, antennas play a vital role as "translators" between electromagnetic waves and electronic devices. This article will introduce in detail the concept of antennas, their working principles, and their applications in modern communication technology.

 

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1. Definition of Antenna

In short, an antenna is a device that can convert energy between electromagnetic waves and electric current. It can convert the electrical signals generated by electronic devices (such as transmitters) into electromagnetic waves and radiate them into the air to transmit information; it can also receive electromagnetic waves from the air and convert them into electrical signals for electronic devices (such as receivers) to process and complete the reception of information. Therefore, the antenna is an indispensable key component in wireless communication systems.

2. Working Principle of Antenna

The working principle of the antenna is based on the electromagnetic field theory. When the current passes through the antenna, it will generate a changing electromagnetic field around it, which will then form electromagnetic waves that propagate in all directions. This process is called electromagnetic radiation. Conversely, when the external electromagnetic waves encounter the antenna, they will induce current in the antenna. This process is called electromagnetic induction. By carefully designing the shape, size and material of the antenna, the radiation direction and reception efficiency of the electromagnetic waves can be effectively controlled, thereby achieving long-distance, high-quality wireless communication.

3. Antenna Types and Characteristics

There are many types of antennas, which can be divided into many types according to their purpose, frequency, structure and other factors. The common ones are: ‌Dipole antenna‌: One of the simplest forms of antennas, consisting of two conductors of equal length and parallel to each other, suitable for medium wave and short wave communications. ‌Monopole antenna‌: Half of a dipole antenna, usually used in conjunction with conductors such as the ground or the body of a vehicle, suitable for low frequency bands. ‌Parabolic antenna‌: It has focusing characteristics and is commonly used in microwave communications and radar systems. It can provide a longer communication distance and higher directivity. ‌Microstrip antenna‌: It is small in size, light in weight, easy to integrate on circuit boards, and widely used in mobile communication devices. ‌Smart antenna‌: It uses array technology and can dynamically adjust the radiation direction to improve the capacity and anti-interference ability of the communication system. Each antenna has its own unique radiation pattern, gain, bandwidth and other characteristics. When choosing, it is necessary to consider comprehensively according to the specific application scenario.

4. Application of antennas in modern communication technology

With the rapid development of communication technology, antennas have been widely used in various fields: ‌Mobile communication‌: Antennas in mobile phones and base stations allow people to make voice calls and transmit data anytime and anywhere. ‌Satellite communication‌: Antennas on satellites achieve global information coverage and provide communication guarantee for ocean voyages, polar expeditions, etc. ‌Broadcasting and television‌: Antennas on TV towers send TV program signals to thousands of households. ‌Wireless network‌: The popularization of technologies such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth is inseparable from miniaturized and efficient antenna design. ‌Internet of Things‌: In Internet of Things applications such as smart cities and smart homes, antennas are the key to realizing the interconnection of all things. V. Conclusion Antennas, as the cornerstone of wireless communication, have not only witnessed the progress of human communication technology, but also continued to promote the advent of the information age. With the research and development and application of new generation communication technologies such as 5G and 6G, higher requirements are placed on the design and performance of antennas. In the future, antenna technology will continue to innovate and contribute to the construction of a more efficient and intelligent wireless communication network. In this wirelessly connected world, antennas will undoubtedly continue to play an important role in connecting the past and the future.

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